Dars maqsadlari
Dars oxirida nimalarni qila olasiz?
- otlarni turdosh va atoqli otlarga ajratasiz;
- muntazam va asosiy irregular ko‘pliklarni tuzasiz;
- countable va uncountable otlar bilan mos miqdor so‘zlarini tanlaysiz;
- possessive ’s orqali egalikni ifodalay olasiz;
- there is/are va have/has o‘rtasidagi ma’no farqini qo‘llaysiz.
1 · Noun — ot
Ot shaxs, joy, hayvon, buyum, modda, voqea yoki tushuncha nomidir.
Who? — Kim?
Joy yoki joy nomi.
What? — Nima?
Ko‘z bilan ko‘rish shart emas.
Muhim tuzatish
Ot oldidan har doim artikl yoki predlog kelmaydi: Books are useful. I like music. Lekin birlikdagi sanaladigan ot ko‘pincha aniqlovchi oladi: a book, my book, this book.
2 · Common and proper nouns
Turdosh ot umumiy nom, atoqli ot aniq nomdir.
Umumiy nom; odatda kichik harf bilan yoziladi.
Aniq nom; bosh harf bilan yoziladi.
teacher, actor, artist
kindness, happiness
development, education
friendship, childhood
Maslahat
Qo‘shimcha so‘zni tanishga yordam beradi, lekin har doim yetarli emas. Yangi so‘zni lug‘at va misol bilan o‘rganing.
3 · Singular and plural
Ko‘plik odatda -s yoki -es bilan yasaladi.
school → schools
dish → dishes
box → boxes
baby → babies
key → keys
Ko‘p uchraydigan xato
Har bir -o ga -es yoki har bir -f ga -ves qo‘shilmaydi. Istisnolarni alohida o‘rganing.
4 · Irregular plurals
Ba’zi ko‘pliklar oddiy qoida bilan yasalmasdan o‘zgaradi.
| Birlik | Ko‘plik | Birlik | Ko‘plik |
|---|---|---|---|
| man | men | woman | women |
| child | children | person | people |
| tooth | teeth | foot | feet |
| mouse | mice | goose | geese |
| ox | oxen | sheep / deer | sheep / deer |
| species / series | species / series | fish | fish / fishes* |
* fish odatda bir nechta baliq uchun; fishes turli baliq turlari yoki ilmiy matnda ishlatilishi mumkin.
5 · Plural -s pronunciation
Ko‘plik -s uch xil talaffuz qilinadi.
books /bʊks/, cats /kæts/
bags /bæɡz/, boys /bɔɪz/
buses, watches
6 · Countable and uncountable
Sanaladigan otlar dona bilan sanaladi; sanalmaydiganlar odatda -s olmaydi.
a/an, one, many, a few bilan ishlatiladi.
much, a little, some bilan ishlatiladi.
| Ot | Ma’nosi | Dona bilan ifoda |
|---|---|---|
| advice | maslahat | a piece of advice |
| information | ma’lumot | a piece of information |
| furniture | mebel | a piece of furniture |
| luggage | yuk | a piece of luggage |
| bread | non | a loaf / slice of bread |
| news | xabar | a piece of news |
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
an advice → some advice; informations → information; The news are good. → The news is good.
Ma’noga qarab
hair va fruit ikki xil bo‘lishi mumkin: She has long hair. / I found two hairs. Fruit is healthy. / Tropical fruits are popular.
Tezkor tekshiruv: qaysi biri to‘g‘ri?
We need some information.
Information sanalmaydi; an information va informations deyilmaydi.
7 · Special agreement
Shakli va fe’li odatiy ko‘rinmaydigan otlarga e’tibor bering.
Eslab qoling
a pair of scissors / trousers / glasses. People = odamlar; bunday ma’noda ko‘plik fe’l ishlating.
8 · Possessive ’s — qaratqich
Possessive shakl kimga yoki nimaga tegishli ekanini ko‘rsatadi.
’s faqat oxirgi ismga qo‘shiladi.
Har bir ismga ’s qo‘shiladi.
Vaqt va o‘lchov
a week’s holiday; two weeks’ holiday. Sifat vazifasida birlik va chiziqcha: a two-week holiday.
9 · There is / There are
Biror joyda narsa yoki shaxs “bor”ligini bildiradi.
| Shakl | Birlik | Ko‘plik |
|---|---|---|
| Darak | There is a book. | There are books. |
| Inkor | There isn’t a book. | There aren’t any books. |
| Savol | Is there a book? | Are there any books? |
| Qisqa javob | Yes, there is. | No, there aren’t. |
Yangi narsaning mavjudligini aytadi.
Oldindan ma’lum narsani tasvirlaydi.
Ro‘yxatdagi moslashuv
Ehtiyotkor yozuvda birinchi otga moslashtiring: There is a table and two chairs. There are two chairs and a table.
Tezkor tekshiruv: “Xonada uchta stul bor” qanday aytiladi?
There are three chairs in the room.
Three chairs ko‘plik bo‘lgani uchun there are ishlatiladi.
10 · Have / Has
Egalik, munosabat yoki xususiyatni bildiradi.
| Shakl | I/you/we/they | he/she/it |
|---|---|---|
| Darak | They have a car. | He has a car. |
| Inkor | They don’t have a car. | He doesn’t have a car. |
| Savol | Do they have a car? | Does he have a car? |
| Qisqa javob | Yes, they do. | No, he doesn’t. |
Ko‘p uchraydigan xato
Does she has ...? → Does she have ...? Does/doesn’t dan keyin have ishlatiladi.
Qayerda nima bor?
Kim/nima nimaga ega?
Tezkor tekshiruv: “Ali has two sisters” nega has bilan?
Ali bitta shaxs va he bilan almashtiriladi.
He/she/it yoki birlikdagi ism bilan has ishlatiladi.
Dars xulosasi
Faoliyatlarni ochishdan oldin eslab qoling.
- Proper nouns bosh harf bilan yoziladi.
- Ko‘plik odatda -s/-es, lekin istisnolar ham bor.
- Uncountable nouns odatda ko‘plik -s olmaydi.
- ’s egalikni, of ko‘pincha buyum qismini bildiradi.
- There is/are joydagi mavjudlik; have/has egalik yoki xususiyat.
Mashq va testga tayyormisiz?
- Birlik va ko‘plik ot uchun mos shaklni tanlay olaman.
- Advice va information kabi sanalmaydigan otlarni taniyman.
- There is/are bilan joydagi mavjudlikni ayta olaman.
- Have/has bilan egalikni darak, inkor va savolda ifodalay olaman.
Endi bilimingizni tekshiring
Dars tugadi. Keyingi qadamni tanlang.
Mashq va test faqat tegishli tugmani bosganingizdan keyin ochiladi.