Grammar Programme · 1-dars · A1

Olmoshlar va gap asoslari

Inglizcha oddiy gap qanday qurilishini, ega nima uchun kerakligini va ism o‘rnida qaysi olmoshni tanlashni bosqichma-bosqich o‘rganing.

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Bu darsda

Nimalarni o‘rganasiz?

Bu dars oddiy inglizcha gapning poydevorini beradi. Ega va so‘z tartibini tushunsangiz, keyingi zamonlarni o‘rganish ancha osonlashadi.

  • oddiy gapda ega, fe’l va kerak bo‘lsa to‘ldiruvchini aniqlashni;
  • ega, to‘ldiruvchi, egalik va o‘zlik olmoshlarini vazifasiga qarab tanlashni;
  • this, that, these, those ni masofa va songa qarab ishlatishni;
  • oddiy darak gapni inglizcha tartibda, bosh harf va mos tinish belgisi bilan tuzishni;
  • am, is, are bilan darak, inkor va sodda savol tuzishni;
  • ega tushirib qoldirish, he/she/it va your/yours kabi keng tarqalgan xatolarni tuzatishni.

Asosiy g‘oya

Inglizcha gapda ega odatda aniq ko‘rsatiladi. Olmoshlar ism va otlarni qayta-qayta takrorlamaslikka yordam beradi.

1 · Sentence — gap

Gap tugallangan fikrni bildiradi va odatda egaga ega bo‘ladi.

Subject — ega gap kim yoki nima haqida ekanini ko‘rsatadi. Verb — fe’l/kesim esa harakat yoki holatni bildiradi. Oddiy inglizcha gapda ega odatda aytiladi; o‘zbekchadagi kabi uni shunchaki tushirib qoldirish mumkin emas.

Eng sodda qoliplarSUBJECT + VERB · SUBJECT + AM/IS/ARE + COMPLEMENT
Ega + fe’lBirds fly.

Qushlar uchadi. Birds — ega; fly — fe’l.

Ega + be + tavsifAziza is tired.

Aziza charchagan. Sifat oldidan is kerak.

Ega + fe’l + objectWe study English.

Biz ingliz tilini o‘rganamiz. English — harakat qaratilgan object.

O‘zbekcha va inglizchaI am a student.

“Talabaman” deyilsa ham, inglizchada I va am yoziladi.

Gapni to‘liq yozing

Is cold. → It is cold. · Student. → I am a student.

Bosh harf va tinish belgisi

Gap bosh harf bilan boshlanadi. Darak gap oxirida nuqta, savol oxirida savol belgisi keladi: She is ready. · Is she ready? I doimo bosh harf bilan yoziladi.

2 · Pronoun — olmosh

Olmosh ot yoki ismning o‘rnini bosadi.

Bir xil ismni keraksiz takrorlamaslik uchun olmosh ishlatamiz.

Takrorlangan Anvar is my friend. Anvar is a student.

Grammatik jihatdan mumkin, lekin tabiiy emas.

Olmosh bilan Anvar is my friend. He is a student.

Anvar — mening do‘stim. U talaba.

Eslab qoling

O‘zbekchadagi men so‘zi gapdagi vazifasiga qarab I, me, my, mine yoki myself bo‘lishi mumkin.

3 · Pronoun family — olmoshlar oilasi

Har bir shaklning gapda o‘z vazifasi bor.

EgaTo‘ldiruvchiOtdan oldinMustaqilO‘zlik
Imemyminemyself
youyouyouryoursyourself / yourselves
hehimhishishimself
sheherherhersherself
ititits—itself
weusouroursourselves
theythemtheirtheirsthemselves

Muhim

It ning mustaqil egalik shakli odatda ishlatilmaydi. Its tail is white. deng; The white tail is its. demang.

4 · Subject and object pronouns

Ega fe’ldan oldin, to‘ldiruvchi esa fe’l yoki predlogdan keyin keladi.

Subject pronoun — ega olmoshi I, you, he, she, it, we, they

She lives in Urgench. — U Urganchda yashaydi.
They are ready. — Ular tayyor.

Object pronoun — to‘ldiruvchi olmoshi me, you, him, her, it, us, them

The teacher helps us. — O‘qituvchi bizga yordam beradi.
Please talk to her. — Iltimos, u bilan gaplashing.

heerkak kishi: My father is a doctor. He works at a hospital.
sheayol kishi: Madina is here. She is ready.
itnarsa, tushuncha, ob-havo, vaqt yoki masofa: It is cold. It is five o’clock.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xato

She helps I. → She helps me. I — ega shakli; me — to‘ldiruvchi shakli.

Bosh harf

I olmoshi gap o‘rtasida kelsa ham doimo bosh harf bilan yoziladi: My brother and I play chess.

O‘zingizni tekshiring: he, her yoki them?
  1. Ali is here. ___ is ready.
  2. I know Madina. I study with ___.
  3. The books are new. I like ___.
Javoblar: 1) He — ega. 2) her — with dan keyin object. 3) them — like dan keyin ko‘plik object.

5 · Possessives — egalik

Ot bor bo‘lsa my; ot takrorlanmasa mine.

Possessive adjective — egalik aniqlovchisi my, your, his, her, its, our, their + noun

This is my book.
Their classroom is large.

Possessive pronoun — egalik olmoshi mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs

This book is mine.
The blue bag is hers.

Taqqoslang

This is my pen. → This pen is mine.

Apostrofga ehtiyot bo‘ling

its = uning: The company changed its name.
it’s = it is yoki it has: It’s cold.

O‘zingizni tekshiring: your yoki yours?
  1. This is ___ pen.
  2. This pen is ___.
  3. Our room is small; ___ is large.
Javoblar: 1) your — pen oti bor. 2) yours — ot qayta aytilmagan. 3) yours — “sizning xonangiz” ma’nosida mustaqil.

6 · Reflexive pronouns — o‘zlik olmoshlari

Harakat egasining o‘ziga qaytsa, o‘zlik olmoshi ishlatiladi.

I → myselfI taught myself English.

Men ingliz tilini o‘zim o‘rgandim.

she → herselfShe looked at herself.

U o‘ziga qaradi.

they → themselvesThey enjoyed themselves.

Ular mazza qilishdi.

Ta’kidlashI made it myself.

Men buni o‘zim qildim.

7 · Demonstratives — ko‘rsatish so‘zlari

Masofa va birlik/ko‘plikka qarang.

this · bubitta, yaqin
This book is new.
that · o‘shabitta, uzoq
That building is old.
these · bularko‘p, yaqin
These books are new.
those · o‘shalarko‘p, uzoq
Those buildings are old.

Moslashuv

This/that + is; these/those + are: This is easy. Those are expensive.

O‘zingizni tekshiring: this, that, these yoki those?
  1. Qo‘lingizdagi bitta kitob: ___ book
  2. Uzoqdagi ikkita uy: ___ houses
  3. Yoningizdagi kalitlar: ___ keys
Javoblar: 1) this, 2) those, 3) these.

8 · Word order — so‘z tartibi

Inglizcha darak gapda so‘z tartibi muhim.

Asosiy qolip EGA + FE’L + TO‘LDIRUVCHI / TAVSIF + JOY + VAQT
EgaFe’lTo‘ldiruvchi / tavsifJoyVaqt
Anvarreadsa bookin the libraryevery day.
WestudyEnglishat schoolon Mondays.
Sheishappyat hometoday.

Har bir gapda barcha qismlar bo‘lishi shart emas. Eng qisqa to‘liq qolip ko‘pincha Ega + Fe’l: Birds fly. Children laugh.

9 · Parts of a sentence — gap bo‘laklari

Gapdagi har bir qismning vazifasini biling.

Subject — egaGap kim yoki nima haqida: They read every day.
Verb / predicate — fe’l / kesimEga nima qiladi yoki qanday holatda: They like music.
Object — to‘ldiruvchiHarakat kimga yoki nimaga qaratilgan: He gave me a book.
Complement — tavsiflovchi qismEgani izohlaydi: He is a teacher. The lesson is interesting.
Adverbial — holQanday, qayerda yoki qachon: carefully, at school, today.

Foydali aniqlik

Har bir to + joy birikmasi object emas. They want to go to Tashkent. gapida to Tashkent — yo‘nalish/joy birikmasi.

10 · Be verb — am, is, are

Ot, sifat, yosh yoki joy bilan be fe’li kerak.

I + amI am a teacher.
I am tired.
he / she / it + isShe is 24.
It is cold.
you / we / they + areYou are ready.
We are at home.
Be bilanShe is a student.

Ot, sifat yoki joy: He is kind. We are at school.

Oddiy fe’l bilanShe studies English.

Harakat/holat fe’lini be siz ishlating: He likes chess.

ShaklQolipMisol va tarjima
DarakSubject + am/is/are + ...They are at home.
Ular uyda.
InkorSubject + am/is/are + not + ...They are not at home.
Ular uyda emas.
SavolAm/Is/Are + subject + ...?Are they at home?
Ular uydami?

Inkor gapda not be fe’lidan keyin keladi. Savolda esa am/is/are egadan oldinga chiqadi. Qisqa javob: Are you ready? — Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xato

He is likes chess. → He likes chess.
My parents happy. → My parents are happy.

O‘zingizni tekshiring: be shaklini tanlang
  1. I ___ ready.
  2. She ___ not at school.
  3. ___ they your friends?
Javoblar: 1) am, 2) is, 3) Are. I bilan am; she bilan is; savolda Are egadan oldin keladi.

11 · Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Xatoni ko‘ring, to‘g‘ri shaklni va sababini eslab qoling.

Noto‘g‘riTo‘g‘riNima uchun?
Is raining.It is raining.Oddiy inglizcha gapda ega kerak; ob-havo uchun it ishlatiladi.
Her is my sister.She is my sister.Gap boshida ega shakli she kerak.
I like they.I like them.Fe’ldan keyin object shakli them keladi.
This books are new.These books are new.Books ko‘plik, shuning uchun these.
This is yours book.This is your book.Ot oldidan your; ot bo‘lmasa yours.
The dog likes it’s bed.The dog likes its bed.Its — egalik; it’s — it is/it has.
my friend and i are ready.My friend and I are ready.Gap boshi va I bosh harf bilan yoziladi.
They happy.They are happy.Sifat oldidan mos be fe’li kerak.

12 · Pronunciation — talaffuz

Oson chalkashadigan so‘zlarni farqlang.

Yozuvdagi talaffuz belgisi faqat yordam beradi; imkon qadar audio va lug‘at talaffuzidan ham foydalaning.

he /hiː/ · she /ʃiː/Ikkalasida ham cho‘ziq /iː/ tovushi bor.
they /ðeɪ/ · them /ðem/Ikkalasi jarangli th /ð/ bilan boshlanadi.
this /ðɪs/ · these /ðiːz/this da qisqa /ɪ/, these da cho‘ziq /iː/.
that /ðæt/ · those /ðəʊz/that birlik, those ko‘plik.
our /aʊə(r)/ · ours /aʊəz/ours oxirida /z/ tovushi bor.

Dars xulosasi

Faoliyatlarni ochishdan oldin eslab qoling.

  • Oddiy gapda ega odatda aytiladi; gap bosh harf bilan boshlanib, mos tinish belgisi bilan tugaydi.
  • Fe’l oldidan ega shakli; fe’l yoki predlogdan keyin object shakli keladi.
  • Ot oldidan my/your...; ot takrorlanmasa mine/yours....
  • This/that birlik, these/those ko‘plik.
  • Asosiy tartib: ega + fe’l + to‘ldiruvchi/tavsif + joy + vaqt.
  • Ot, sifat va joy bilan am/is/are ni tushirib qoldirmang.
  • Be inkori: subject + be + not; savol: be + subject ...?

Tayyormisiz?

  • Gapdagi egani va fe’lni aniqlay olamanmi?
  • Subject va object olmoshini farqlay olamanmi?
  • your/yours hamda its/it’s ni farqlay olamanmi?
  • Inglizcha so‘z tartibini, bosh harf va tinish belgisini saqlay olamanmi?
  • am/is/are bilan darak, inkor va savol tuza olamanmi?

Endi bilimingizni tekshiring

Dars tugadi. Keyingi qadamni tanlang.

Mashq va test faqat tanlaganingizdan keyin ochiladi.